Introduction
Science education is an important component of basic education because it develops learners’ understanding of natural phenomena, scientific processes, and the relationship between science, technology, society, and the environment. At the secondary level, science learning should provide opportunities for students to acquire scientific knowledge, conduct investigations, interpret evidence, solve problems, and apply scientific principles to real-life situations.
Effective science instruction requires more than the presentation of facts and concepts. It involves the careful selection of teaching strategies, meaningful practical activities, appropriate instructional resources, and assessment procedures that help students understand and apply what they learn. Discussions, demonstrations, laboratory investigations, group activities, research projects, environmental observations, and digital learning resources can provide different opportunities for students to participate in scientific learning.
DOI https://zenodo.org/records/23756992