Introduction
Reading is a fundamental component of basic education. It enables learners to access information, understand instructions, communicate ideas, solve problems, and participate successfully in academic activities. In the elementary grades, the development of reading skills is particularly important because learners gradually transition from learning to read toward using reading as a tool for learning.
Poor reading ability may be manifested through difficulty recognizing words, inaccurate decoding, slow or hesitant oral reading, limited vocabulary, inability to identify main ideas, difficulty answering comprehension questions, and limited ability to make inferences from a text. These difficulties may affect pupils' classroom participation, confidence, academic performance, and willingness to engage with learning materials.
DOI https://zenodo.org/records/23435519