Introduction
Education aims not only to develop learners' academic knowledge but also to prepare them with practical competencies that can be applied in everyday life and future work. Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE) contributes to this objective by providing learners with opportunities to develop practical skills, creativity, problem-solving abilities, entrepreneurship awareness, responsible use of resources, and appreciation for productive work.
Teaching TLE to Key Stage 2 pupils, however, requires more than delivering theoretical information. Practical learning often involves demonstrations, hands-on activities, manipulation of materials and tools, group work, performance tasks, and continuous supervision. Teachers must therefore consider learners' developmental characteristics, available resources, safety requirements, class size, time allocation, and the competencies prescribed by the curriculum.
DOI https://zenodo.org/records/23461243