Introduction
The Department of Education's K to 12 Science Curriculum emphasizes scientific literacy, scientific processes and skills, and scientific attitudes and values. It also identifies inquiry-based, contextual, problem- and issue-based, multidisciplinary, and science-technology-society approaches as important means of facilitating learning. The curriculum further emphasizes hands-on, minds-on, and learner-centered activities rather than dependence on textbooks alone.
However, curriculum implementation may differ from one school to another. Although teachers may have access to the same curriculum standards, differences in teacher preparation, availability of learning resources, administrative support, classroom conditions, assessment practices, time allocation, class size, and professional development opportunities may affect the way the Science Instruction Program is implemented.
The effective implementation of Science instruction is particularly important at the intermediate level because learners are expected to move beyond simple recognition and recall of scientific facts toward investigation, explanation, application, and evidence-based reasoning. Teachers therefore need appropriate pedagogical knowledge, scientific content knowledge, teaching materials, equipment, and opportunities for continuous professional growth.
DOI https://zenodo.org/records/23492741
