World Education Connect Multidisciplinary e-Publication, Vol. VI, Issue VIII (August 2026), pp.267-273
INTRODUCTION
Education has an important impact on a country’s development, providing individuals with the skills, knowledge and values needed to reach their personal potential and contribute to societal development. In the Philippines, one of the main areas of concern with respect to the quality of basic education is the inconsistent academic performance of students in public elementary schools. School performance is often described as being dictated by a variety of key outcome indicators including but not limited to literacy and numeracy, passing rates, drop-out rates, teacher effectiveness and recognition through award programs. All of these indicators are used to create benchmarks to assess the effectiveness of both the operations of individual school sites and instructional practices used in the classroom.
Among these indicators, literacy and numeracy are considered the most essential foundational competencies that enable learners to acquire higher-order thinking skills and achieve academic success. However, international reports continue to reveal that many learners worldwide struggle to attain minimum proficiency levels in reading and mathematics despite numerous educational reforms. Learning poverty, declining foundational skills, and post-pandemic learning loss remain significant concerns affecting millions of school-aged children across different countries. These challenges have prompted governments and educational institutions to strengthen instructional programs and implement evidence-based interventions to improve learners' literacy and numeracy competencies.
Brillantes, A., & Orbeta, A. C. (2022) pointed out that teachers, availability of learning resources and instructional supervision were significant school-level variables that affected the performance in Mathematics of Filipino learners. School resources including teaching-learning materials, effective instructional supervision are generally the sources of better numeracy outcomes in schools. Discrepancies on the school resources causes learning performance differences among schools.
Dropout rates present an ongoing challenge for the education system in general, but they are especially worrisome regarding disadvantaged or at-risk students. Studies have shown that economic hardship and lack of parental support are among the main reasons why students leave school and that low academic motivation is another major reason (Orbeta et al., 2019). When students stop attending school, it affects them personally, limits their ability to realize their potential, and leads to larger social/economic issues. To improve student retention rates, schools need to implement strategies such as providing additional academic supports, creating a positive school culture and increasing partnerships with parents/community.
DOI https://zenodo.org/records/22159608
The World Education Connect Multidisciplinary e-Publication is a reputable, refereed, and peer-reviewed international journal. It is dedicated to fostering academic excellence and promoting interdisciplinary research across diverse fields. The journal covers a wide range of topics, including education, psychology, science, technology, social sciences, humanities, and more, providing a platform for scholars and researchers to share their knowledge and insights.
In addition, the publication places a special emphasis on the promotion and development of the Filipino language, contributing to its growth and recognition in the global academic community.
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