Introduction
The quality of basic education is closely associated with the quality of leadership exercised within schools. Although classroom teaching remains the most direct school-based influence on learner achievement, school leaders shape the conditions under which effective teaching and learning occur. They influence the school vision, allocate resources, support teachers, engage families, establish expectations, and create an environment in which learners can succeed.
In many education systems, school leaders are expected to perform multiple roles simultaneously. They are administrators, instructional supervisors, personnel managers, community representatives, and agents of educational reform. These responsibilities have become increasingly complex because schools must respond to diverse learner needs, technological change, accountability requirements, teacher shortages, and social inequalities. Consequently, school leadership cannot be understood merely as the management of school operations. It must also be understood as purposeful action directed toward improved learning and human development.
DOI https://zenodo.org/records/23587370